Black lives matter the history and existence of racial inequality in the united states Essay

pass up. Dont shoot.1 This is a quit sh bulge give pasted by BlackLivesMatter activists throughout the unify States. BlackLivesMatter is a app bent movement that gained national impulse in 2014 after acts of police ferociousness directing in the death of minatory Americans much(pre noneinal) as Mike Brown and Eric Garner. In both of these cases, the respective police officers refer were not indicted for the death of American citizens.2 This prompted the chemical reaction subdued lives matter the livelihood of downcast peck should and must be as important as that of pureness pot. end-to-end history, people of African descent in the unite States cede not as enjoyed the same carriage and opportunities as opposite Americans due to racial discrimination, defined by creation wellness scholars Jennifer Jee-Lyn Garcia and Mienah Zulfacar Sharif as system of structuring probability and duty assignment value ground on world life, that below the belt disadvant ages some individuals and communities, and advantages opposites.3 In the wee 1900s, multiple bushels brought attention to the disparity in the morbidity and mortality of diseases, piecey that result from poor living conditions, between dingy and colour Americans. Lawrence Lee, a doctor pen in 1914, noted that tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases and still-births cause a death-rate of 917.9 per 100,000 against a rate of 354.7 for whites.4 In 1927, a movement in favor of eugenics took hold, beginning with the thumb v. Bell ruling.5 This linked States autonomous judgeship case gave doctors the authority to designate accepted people more dress to sire than others and supported the procreation of the so-called fit and limited that of the spoilt through agent such as forced sterilization.6 During this time, twoscore percent of the unfit people disinfect were non-white.7 However, BlackLivesMatter activists demonstrate that racia tendency agendas that be find oute d as history in truth have on-going effects to this day that invalidatingly concern the daily lives and normal wellness of African Americans. Opp singlents use the social media hashtag AllLivesMatter, expressing the view that all people deserve commensurate rights and coming to basic necessities, regardless of race. AllLivesMatter is clean-cut from the BlackLivesMatter movement in that it does not spot the past and present inequity in the quality of life between white Americans and those of African descent. BlackLivesMatter has given voice to a historically oppressed class of people and opened a discussion on how the eugenics movement has compromised that of abusive Americans and how this can be corrected and how future racially-charged infractions can be prevented.The racialization of medicine has had a significant lineament in the development of the eugenics movement. Garcia and Sharif define racialism as system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on rac e, that unfairly disadvantages some individuals and communities and claims that racism as a social condition is a primeval cause of health and illness.8 The eugenics movement is one that is founded on the racist ideology that was mischievous to the African American community. Negative eugenics was carried out through marriage restriction, forced sterilization, and closelipped the feeble-minded to colonies. The restriction of marriage through air marriage licenses was critical in the racist agenda of eugenics. It was illegal to have children remote of wedlock.9 Virginia in finicky banned inter-racial marriage. By insideng so, Virginia politicians and eugenicists were intentionally preventing people from having mixed race children, something they saw as undesirable.10 AllLivesMatter activists would argue that the eugenics movement was not focused on African Americans, as many an(prenominal) of the dupes of eugenics were white. In tear v. Bell, a case heard by the United States Supreme Court that secured eugenic doctors ability to forcibly sterilize the feeble-minded, the defendant was Carrie Buck, a white woman.11 Proponents of AllLivesMatter would note that eugenic doctors instead targeted individuals of lower socio-economic status. Some of the diagnostic criteria for detecting feeble-mindedness included cold and wet hands and excessive pallor or blushing.12 While many of the victims of the application of negative eugenics were of lower socioeconomic status, it cannot be treat that the eugenics movement grew from calls to improve black macrocosm health in the early 1900s. Advancements in germ theory allowed for doctors to understand that diseases atomic number 18 transmissible regardless of race as a result, doctors emphasized the need for healthy living conditions for black Americans.13 Historian Andrea Patterson claims that public health measures were hijacked by eugenicists14 rather than these public health measures benefitting blacks, they, in part, created an environment in which eugenicists had reason to believe that people of particular racial background were predisposed to authorized illnesses. Although Buck v. Bell enabled the eugenics movement to impact people of all races, the racist policy-making regimes that preceded it supported the development of eugenics. Paternalism was a study contributing factor to eugenics establishment. In 1915, Doctor L. C. Allen posited that the negro health problem is one of the white mans burdens, and it is by no marrow the least of those burdens.15 It was his belief that the disproportionately luxuriously morbidity and mortality rates of diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis among black Americans were the responsibility of the white population to resolve. Allen attribute the strict supervision of slave owners all(prenominal)where black slaves for the lack of illnesses related to an muddy living environment and sexually contagious diseases speckle slavery was legal .16 According to Allen, independence has not benefited his health, nor improved his morals, where he refers to African Americans.17 Without white slave owners to ensure that African Americans bathe, clean their living spaces, and do not engage in promiscuous sex, Allen claims that African Americans did not properly take flush of themselves. His answer to this perceived problem is for white Americans to champion a public health reform by way of changing the t to each oneingal curriculum for blacks. Allens proposed industrial education would live of teaching African American children proper hygiene and supply to their future career prospects, which mainly consist of service or manual jab roles.18 By singling out a nonage group to be segregated for the direct of a different education based on race, Allens industrial education intend would have been an institutionalized lawsuit of structural racism. Black Americans would have been denied access to an equal education, and by vi rtue of that, they would be further limited to the jobs available to them. Although this plan did not come to fruition, the ideas behind it lingered. eugenic doctors felt that it was for the betterment of all manhood to promote the procreation of those with what these doctors deemed desirable traits while simultaneously diminishing or completely ceasing the procreation of the unfit.19 The widespread belief that eugenics existed in hostel to improve the global gene pool is paterna mentionic. The socio-economic elite utilized their bit of power to further their self-interested ideology at the expense of those below them, particularly African Americans.Mass incarceration of African Americans is a modern practice that in many ways is a continuation of eugenics. Victims of eugenic sterilization told their stories in a 2011 tribute in magnetic north Carolina arranged by The regulators Task lunge to Determine the method of Compensation for Victims of coupling Carolinas Eugenics B oard. One such victim was Elaine Riddick, a black woman. Her son, Tony Riddick commented on the ongoing systemic racism in the United States, saying, A young man xix age old, first time convicted, unbloody offense, you give him fifteen to twenty years in prison house. Now look at what happens, now he can no longer be a father, his incur loses a child.20 Though the testimony took buns a few years in the first place the BlackLivesMatter movement gained momentum, these sentiments are the same as those felt by activists today. BlackLivesMatter advocate and doctor Mary Basset argues in BlackLivesMatter A challenge to the Medical and Public health Communities that there is the great injustice in the daily violence experienced by young black men. But the tragedy of lives cut short is not accounted for entirely, or even mostly, by violence.21 Indeed, as Tony Riddick pointed out, systemic racism has cost many black Americans the ability to lead a successful life in society and a g ood deal the ability to reproduce. In the mid-twentieth century, this took the form of the eugenics movement. hatful designated feebleminded, a categorization for the so-called unfit of society, were often sent to colonies to live out their lives and forcibly sterilized.22 Though eugenics has been abolished, similar practices devolve today. When a person is sentenced to a prison sentence that spans their prime reproductive years, they are segregated from the rest of society and are much less likely to chevvy a family.23 Tony Riddick drew a relation between eugenics and mass incarceration, likening each to genocide.24 Flaws in todays deplorable justice system have allowed a form of racial genocide to carry on in the United States.A strong internet search of the hashtag BlackLivesMatter will shoot up a sizable list of names that activists for the movement mourn as preventable deaths. Though many people know of Tamir Rice, Eric Garner, and Mike Brown, lesser-known but evenly i mportant people are added to the list of casualties regularly. One such person is Joyce Cornell, a fifty-year-old black woman who died in lock up on July 22, 2015. Cornell was arrested for failing to pay judiciary fines, a minor offense. Cornell experienced repelling nausea and vomiting and was not given medical treatment or water. She passed away one day later from dehydration.25 These people, every black person who has lost their life early from preventable causes, represent a public health epidemic. Structural racism has decreased the life expectancy of black people living in the United States.26 As Garcia and Sharif argue, it is necessary to reshape our conversation and consider racism a public health issue in order to begin to combat its effects.27 It is vital that overconfident change happens for the betterment of our fellow Americans. This answer begins with recognizing that racism exists and that BlackLivesMatter.BibliographyAllen, L. C., M.D. THE NEGRO health PROBLE M. The American diary of Public health, 1914. Accessed February 8, 2016.Bassett, Mary T., M.D., M.P.H. BlackLivesMatter A Challenge to the Medical and Public health Communities. The overbold England Journal of Medicine 372, no. 12 (March 19, 2015) 1085-087. Accessed March 11, 2016.Buck v. Bell.274thed. Vol. two hundred. U.S. Supreme Court, 1927.Dorr, Gregory Michael. STERILIZE THE MISFITS PROMPTLY Virginia Controls the Feebleminded. In separationisms Science Eugenics and guild in Virginia, 107-36. Charlottesville University of Virginia Press, 2008.Garca, Jennifer Jee-Lyn, Ph.D., and Mienah Zulfacar Sharif, MPH. Black Lives Matter A scuttlebutt on Racism and Public health. Am J Public Health American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 8 (August 2015) E27-30. inside10.2105/ajph.2015.302706.Governors Task personnel to Determine the rule of Compensation for Victims of labor union Carolinas Eugenics Board. last-place Report to the Governor of the State of North Caroline (Pur suant to executive Order 83). Raleigh, NC, 2011.Hutchinson, timber. The brilliance of Negative Eugenics Or the barroom of Ill-Bornness.,. The American Journal of Public Health 3 (1913) 238-42.Knapp, Andrew, and Dave Munday. Lawyers vocalise Woman, 50, Died after Being strip of irrigate at Charleston County Jail. beam and Courier. February 24, 2016. Accessed April 21, 2016. http//www.postandcourier.com/ member/20160224/PC16/160229636.Lee, Lawrence, M.D. THE NEGRO AS A PROBLEM IN PUBLIC wellness CHARITY. The American Journal of Public Health 5 (1915) 207-10.Patterson, Andrea. Germs and Jim Crow The Impact of Microbiology on Public Health Policiesin industrial Era American South.Journal of the report of Biology42, no. 3 (Fall 2009) 529-59. doi10.1007/s10739-008-9164-x.1 Jennifer Jee-Lyn Garca, Ph.D. and Mienah Zulfacar Sharif, MPH, Black Lives Matter A commentary on Racism and Public Health,Am J Public Health American Journal of Public Health105, no. 8 (August 2015) e27, doi10 .2105/ajph.2015.302706.2 Garcia and Sharif, e273 Garcia and Sharif, e274 Lawrence Lee, M.D., THE NEGRO AS A PROBLEM IN PUBLIC HEALTH CHARITY.,The American Journal of Public Health5 (1915) 207.5 Buck v. Bell.274thed. Vol. 200. U.S. Supreme Court, 1927.6 Woods Hutchinson, The Importance of Negative Eugenics Or the Prevention of Ill-Bornness.,AJPH3 (1913) 238.7 Gregory Michael Dorr, STERILIZE THE MISFITS PROMPTLY Virginia Controls the Feebleminded., in Segregations Science Eugenics and Society in Virginia(University of Virginia Press, 2008).8 Garcia and Sharif, e279 Dorr, 11210 Dorr, 11111 Dorr, 12912 Dorr, 11313 Andrea Patterson, Germs and Jim Crow The Impact of Microbiology on Public Health Policies in imperfect Era American South,Journal of the storey of Biology42, no. 3 (Fall 2009) 541, doi10.1007/s10739-008-9164-x.14 Patterson, 52915 L. C. Allen, M.D., THE NEGRO HEALTH PROBLEM.,The American Journal of Public Health5 (1915) 194.16 Allen, 19517 Allen, 19418 Allen, 20019 Hutchinso n, 24020 Governors Task Force to Determine the Method of Compensation for Victims of North Carolinas EugenicsBoard. Final Report to the Governor of the State of North Caroline (Pursuant to Executive Order 83). Raleigh, NC,2011, D-1021 Mary T. Bassett, M.D., M.P.H., BlackLivesMatter A Challenge to the Medical and Public Health Communities,The New England Journal of Medicine372, no. 12 (March 19, 2015) 1085, accessed March 11, 2016.22 Dorr, 12023 Garcia and Sharif, e2824 Governors Task Force to Determine the Method of Compensation for Victims of North Carolinas EugenicsBoard, D-10.25 Andrew Knapp and Dave Munday, Lawyers Say Woman, 50, Died after Being deprived of Water at Charleston County Jail, Post and Courier, February 24, 2016, accessed April 21, 2016, http//www.postandcourier.com/article/20160224/PC16/160229636.26 Garcia and Sharif, e2827 Garcia and Sharif, e27